Gay adoption Essay Example for Free

Gay adoption Essay Although courts have gone to great lengths to provide every child with one mother and one father, the realities of family formation and parenting are considerably more complex. Just a few years ago, most children grew up in a traditional or nuclear family, which refers to the conjugal household consisting of a husband, a wife, and their dependent children, whose relationships are traditionally recognized by family law. Today, fewer and fewer households are deemed traditional families. Societal changes have brought about the rise of alternative or non-traditional families which include group living, unmarried cohabitation and single-parent families, all of which are mutually interdependent households, but not, historically, so recognized by family law. Although these arrangements specifically same-sex couples appear to be distinct from the traditional family, they often embody and preserve the many values and functions of the traditional family, including support, loyalty, values, welfare, love and affection. Furthermore, many committed same-sex couples have and raise children. Nevertheless, for those living in these alternative arrangements, the law has not kept pace with these social evolutions. Moreover, in order for these individuals to assert any legal rights based on a family relationship, such as health insurance and inheritance benefits, they must first be acknowledged as a family member. Unfortunately, however, the law has made it overwhelmingly difficult for both male and female same-sex couples to be recognized as having a family relationship with concomitant legal rights and duties. The most permanent, binding way of becoming a non-biological parent is by adoption. Adoption is the legal proceeding, which establishes the legal relationship of parent and child between persons not already so related. Blood ties between adopter and adoptee are unnecessary. The adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents including the right to inherit, while the parent incurs the responsibilities of a parent with respect to the adopted person. In addition, as part of the process, the biological parents rights and responsibilities are terminated. As a general rule, either a married or unmarried person may undertake adoption and the requirements are generally the same in either case. In the former, however, its required either that the petition be made jointly or be consented to by the other spouse. The two basic requirements for someone trying to adopt are age and residence. The most commonly encountered age requirement is that the adopting parent be at least 21 years of age. Many statutes merely specify any adult or any person of lawful age, but the usual effect of this provision is as just stated.

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Weight Watchers is an excellent program to aid in weight loss and healthy eating. It is an easy, healthy, and effective method for losing weight and eating correctly. Weight Watchers has based their program on a point system, making it easy to follow by counting points assigned to foods. It promotes healthy eating habits by regulating serving sizes, which are set by the United States Department of Agriculture. In addition to promoting healthy eating habits, it offers support for people who might need it. The support, along with the eating plan, helps dieters lose weight and eat healthy. Weight Watchers is very easy to follow. This is because the program has allocated a point value to every food. The points are related to the amount of calories the food contains; the more calories a food has, the more points it is given. For example, one apple has one point. The dieter is allowed a certain number of points per day, therefore restricting the amount of calories from anywhere between 1200 and 1700. Depending o...

America is not a better country than it was in the 1950s

There are many people in the United States that claim the country is better today than it has ever been. The country has undergone two centuries of transformation, as people have increasingly gained more and more rights and freedoms, technology has made the lives of all Americans markedly easier, and its citizens have elected its first African-American president only a century after slavery ended. However, despite all this progress, it comes with a significant cost as people are forced to deal with threats like terrorism, unchecked scientific experimentation, and the dissolution of the American nuclear family.It seems that much of the current line of thought in the American public came during the social revolution of the 1960s, when sex, drugs, and rock and roll were used in conjunction with far more important social issues. The social rebellion of the 1960s, along with the unpopular war in Vietnam, gave way to the depressing decade of the 1970s, and the selfishness of the 1980s, whi ch still seem to have the public in its grasp in the quest for empty consumerism. For a look back at a time when America represented the ideals that country was founded upon, one would have to look all the way back to the 1950s.During this decade, America took its place as a respected world leader, family values were still strongly in place, consumerism and technology were used to advance the country and humanity in general, and while there were still threats to the safety and well being of American citizens, there were far fewer threats than each American is forced to deal with today. In evaluating the position of the United States in the world today, it is still a world leader. However, many of the events of recent years have only made the country a target of derision, criticism, and worse, even from its allies.In the 1950s, the world was still reeling from the horrors of the Second World War. America emerged from the turmoil as one of the world’s great superpowers, along w ith the Soviet Union. America was seen as the champions of democracy, responsible for allowing the Allies to win the war and bringing freedom and peace to millions around the world. However, much of this good will and power have been slowly eroded in the decades since, and almost completely removed after the events of the past decade.After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, America had the good will and support of the entire world. However, poor leadership quickly led these same supporters to accuse America of being imperialistic and ignorant. President George W. Bush did little to help dissuade this view, and in fact contributed to America’s decline more than any president since Richard Nixon resigned in disgrace. Though the election of Barack Obama has brought a fair amount of good will back to America, the damage done by Bush is long and lasting.While Christian conservatives supported Bush, his personal beliefs seriously held up scientific discoveries in the way of stem cell research by refusing to support federal funding; he denied social advancements to people fighting for equal rights; he spearheaded a renewed campaign to take away women’s rights; he also was instrumental in creating a new paranoia over immigration, despite being the president of a country made of immigrants; and, the gap between the rich and the poor continued to grow until the country found itself poised on the brink of depression.But, his greatest shortcomings were concerning the war on terror, which needlessly expanded, and his flippant abuse of federal power concerning the privacy of U. S. citizens. For a president that used the word â€Å"freedom† so frequently, he did more than most presidents to take it away from his fellow countrymen. A man who avoided serving in Vietnam, Bush learned none of the lessons and started a war in Iraq that has been compared by many as the Vietnam War of this generation. For someone that touted simple American values and hard work, Bush and his administration did a great deal to hurt America and make it weaker.This is very different than the strong leadership of Dwight D. Eisenhower who used his military experience and knowledge to make sure that America remained strong and vigilant in the postwar world. Additionally, Eisenhower’s presidency also saw the emergence of a modern American system of strong family values that have all but disappeared in recent years. American family values have certainly fallen off since the 1950s, and things like divorce as well as drug use have grown to epidemic numbers.One of the key differences is the fact that couples are no longer staying together, divorce rates have gone through the roof, and the traditional nuclear family no longer seems to exist. According to an analysis of new census figures by The New York Times, married couples, whose numbers have been declining for decades as a proportion of American households, have slipped into a minority in the Uni ted States. The American Community Survey, released in October by the Census Bureau, found that 49. 7 percent, or 55. 2 million, of the nation's 111.1 million households in 2005 were made up of heterosexual married couples — with and without children — just shy of a majority and down from more than 52 percent five years earlier (Hurley). This trend shows that less and less heterosexual couples are choosing to get married, instead preferring to cohabitate and have children without marriage. These figures do not include divorce rates. In the United States, it is widely believed that one in two marriages will end in divorce, though these figures are debatable.This rate has since been revised downward to roughly 43% by the National Center for Health Statistics but was moved back up to around 50% by the Census Bureau in 2002. Most recently, according to the New York Times, it has been revised downward to just over 40% (â€Å"Divorce Rates†). This lower figure could b e due to the fact that less people are getting married, but it cannot be denied that in a society of increasing equality and civil rights, less people are getting and staying married than ever before.This is quite different than the 1950s, when the nuclear family was something that most people aspired to create: â€Å"Nearly all accounts of the 1950s stress the great importance attached to home, family, and children†¦ Indeed, widely read authors and commentators and well-known political leaders in the 1950s all extolled the virtues of a traditional family life. Women’s magazines published a steady stream of articles praising the homemaker and warning women of the perils of trying to combine marriage and childbearing with work outside the home† (Cherlin 35).Today, usually just to make ends meet, parents are often both forced to work, leaving very little room for the simple family activities that were so valued in the 1950s. This leads to a society that is increasin gly more isolated from each other and living with more fear and anxiety than ever before. This has also led to an increase in the amount of drugs that Americans consume, something which was virtually unheard of in the 1950s. The war on drugs was started in the 1980’s helped along by Nancy Reagan’s slogan, â€Å"Say no to drugs.† While this continues to apply to illegal drugs, in the years since Americans have answered with a resounding â€Å"yes† to legalized drugs. This displays how the war on drugs is not really how it sounds and is really a hypocritical creation. Drugs have become a part of the American fabric, and that is no more apparent than the recent explosion of popular legal drugs. Today, Americans use drugs to remedy everything from receding hairlines, to erectile dysfunction, to the boredom of everyday life.Federal regulations are strict in regards to advertisements of such legal drugs like cigarettes and alcohol, but not pharmaceuticals. Ads for various legal drugs seem to be all over the television, print media, and the internet. In America, the war on drugs could really be renamed â€Å"the war on drugs deemed undesirable by the government,† because there remain many, many potentially harmful and addictive drugs in the public marketplace. In 1998, Americans spent $66 billion on these drugs, including $39 billion on cocaine, $12 billion on heroin, $2.2 billion on methamphetamine, and $11 billion on marijuana (ONDCP). During that same year, Americans spent more than $120 billion dollars on legal drugs, not including the staples alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine, and this number has only continued to grow. And while America is fighting a war on drugs that was not even a concept in the 1950s, it is also fighting an open-ended war on terrorism. Few things show the differences between today and the 1950s as the state of international terrorism and the fear it invokes in people. Even in the 1950s, where the U. S.fought i n Korea and there was a constant threat of nuclear annihilation, the level of fear that American citizens felt during that decade pales in comparison to what it feels in the post-9/11 world. The entire country has been in a frightened and angry state, with the threat of terrorism going hand and hand with government intrusion, religious hatred, and economic failure. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, â€Å"fear of terrorism became something of a way of life for government, first responders, and many citizens, even though no additional attacks on the American mainland have occurred† (Smelser 124).The threat of terrorism has not only affected the American psyche, but it has also led to the deaths of thousands of American soldiers who are busy fighting the long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. And, unfortunately, there appears to be no end in sight for either war, and casualties only continue to mount on both sides. Despite all the international turmoil that followed the Second W orld War, there was always stability and confidence in America.Now that the confidence is eroding, one can only hope that stability can continue to be achieved. The United States was far better off in the 1950s than the country is today. While it had the Soviet Union to contend with, there was hardly more fear than there is today over the faceless and suicidal terrorists that threaten the very fabric of everyday life. In addition to all the added fears, there are not even the traditional support systems to help alleviate any of the anxiety, as family values are at an all-time low.People are choosing to no longer get married and when they do get married, they are getting divorced at a pace that continues to grow each passing year. With the drug epidemic, war, moral decay, and fear in the current America, one can only think back on the simpler and more stable times that marked the 1950s. Works Cited: Cherlin, Andrew. Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 â€Å"Divorce Rates. † Divorce Reform Page. 2009. Americans for Divorce Reform. 12 July 2009. . Hurley, Dan. â€Å"Divorce Rate: It's Not as High as You Think. † The New York Times. 19 April 2005. 13 July 2009. . Office of National Drug Control Policy. â€Å"What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs 1988– 1998. † ONDCP Publications. 4 March 2002. 13 July 2009. . Smelser, Neil J. The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007

The risks in the Securities Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1444 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In the securities markets, both casual observation and formal research has suggested that investment risk is as important to investors as expected return. Formal research such as Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) has demonstrated a strong correlation between risk and return in the securities markets. This paper will focus on the analysis of the theory: first to demonstrate how risk is priced by using such theory and its relations to expected return in the financial markets. Then a brief recap of the historical tests on CAPM and other alternative suggestions to the CAPM. CAPM- risk and return The model is based on mean-variance analysis, it assumes investors are risk averse and when deciding among group of assets they tend to choose mean-variance efficient optimal portfolios. This means that they face a tradeoff between risk and expected return: the portfolio is constructed in a way that either to minimize the variance for a given expected return or VICE VERSA to maximize expected return for a given variance. (Fama and French, 2004) It also suggests that the only relevant measure of a portfolio risk is the Beta, see more in later section. When investors can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate and also have homogenous expectations that is to say, all investors share the same view of the economic world and they analyze securities in the same way (p280, Bodie etc.2009), in terms of expected returns, standard deviation and correlations among asset returns(Sharpe 1964), thus, nobody thinks differently than another. The portfolios of risky assets held by each investor wi ll therefore the same and each obtain optimal portfolio, thus everybody holds the market portfolio as their optimal risky portfolio at M (Figure 1). Figure 1, all efficient portfolios should plot along the Capital Market Line (CML) and this new efficient frontier may change as risk-free rate or risk preference changes. (Somerville and OConnell, 2002). Here, we consider a standard position where portfolio B (Sharpe 1964) indicates a MORE RISK AVERSE INVESTOR and lends some of his funds at Rf and invest the rest in the market portfolio (M) which consists many risky assets, while portfolios C and D invested all the funds plus additional borrowed funds to M. All investors hold M; the capital market must in equilibrium. This is known as the Tobins Separation Theorem (Somerville and OConnell, 2002). Figure.1. The efficient frontier when risk-free borrowing and lending allowed. New efficient frontier-CML Risk here has two components: systematic or unsystematic and its measured by standard deviation ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The efficient portfolios along CML contain zero unsystematic risk and only carry the systematic risk. Thus, only efficient portfolio plot on CML and inefficient portfolio do not. i.e., portfolio C is efficient, D is inefficient. Consider portfolio C with risk as follow (p248 Bodie etc.2009): ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²CÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢M + ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢eC Total risk = Systematic risk + Unsystematic risk Since portfolio C is efficient, thus unsystematic risk becomes zero: ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢eC =0 and it contains only systematic risk which cannot be eliminated through diversification: ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²CÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢M. Whereas portfolio D is inefficient, thus unsystematic risk is not equal to zero: ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢eD ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   0, which means firm`s specific risk cannot be fully diversified. However, both portfolios offer the same expected return: this implies unsystematic risk is not priced in CAPM, which means there is no additional return for bearing unsystematic risk because it can be eliminated through diversification. Thus, in a fully diversified portfolio only systematic risk remains. The earlier measure of risk by using standard deviation ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, it is an absolute measure of risk but we need a measure just for the systematic component in this case, thus, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ becomes invalid. The appropriate measure is beta ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ², where ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in figure1 will also replaced by ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² and CML too, will be replaced by the Security Market Line (SML) Figure 2 below. (Copeland and Weston, 1993). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The risks in the Securities Market" essay for you Create order Figure.2. New efficient frontier SML and risk measure ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² when only systematic risk is priced in CAPM. Portfolio C D (Figure 2) will have the same beta and offering the same expected return, but will not have the same standard deviation as C contains only systematic risk, whereas D contains both systematic and unsystematic risks. The market portfolio M (consists many risky assets) corresponds of beta of one, since beta measures the extent to which returns on the risky assets and market move together (p281 Bodie ect.2009) Portfolio C D lie above M, they must have beta greater than one, which means they are riskier than market index. Portfolio B is just the vice versa of C D. Rf has a beta of zero because its a guaranteed return. Since investors all hold the market portfolio, and its expected return is determined by only one factor of risk (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²). Then, expected return on any assets i becomes a function of beta, risk free return and market return: Wher e , is the market beta premium and this beta premium is positive meaning the expected return on the market portfolio exceeds the expected return on assets whose returns are uncorrelated with the market return. (Fama, French, 2004) So far, the CAPM tells us size of risk/return tradeoff and prices of risk, it bears only systematic risk ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² give a return, since unsystematic risk is not priced. The higher the beta the higher must be equilibrium expected return, thus relationship between expected return and beta is linear as shown in figure 1. It also suggests that if beta is zero, the expected return is the risk-free rate. CAPM- shortcomings CAPM fails empirical tests in definite, first, many of the CAPM assumptions were considered to be too simple and unrealistic (Fama French (2004). It says all investors hold the same market portfolio of risky assets, Perold (2004) has pointed out in fact they do not, since taxes alone will cause investors to behavior differently. Number of earlier tests such as Black, Jensen and Scholes (1972), Miller and Scholes (1972), and more recent Fama and MacBeth (1973), Fama and French (1992) has rejected the notion of a positive relation between beta and average return. Their results show CAPM tends to be over/under predicts the actual returns: The returns on the low beta portfolios are too high, and the returns on the high beta portfolios are too lowÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ (Fama, French, 2004). The one factor ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² determines the market return was also rejected later, such as earning price ratio (Basus, 1977), firm size effect (Banz 1981), ratio of book value to market value ( Statman 1980, etc), all these factors are associated with returns too. (Fama and French, 2004). The CAPM has been extended in many different versions because its imperfectness including those mentioned above. E.g.: Perolds (2004): risk-free rate borrowing and lending disallowed (Black, 1972); extensions to international investing (Solnik, 1974) along with these, the well known one is the Arbitrage Pricing Theory -APT. (Ross, 1976). Similar model to CAPM but APT returns are determined by not one beta, instead a multi-beta expression and its not based on notion of mean-variance, or market portfolios. (p176 Copeland and Weston, 2004.) Rather its based on the law of one price: two items that are the same cannot sell at different prices (p325, Bodie etc.2009). Otherwise an arbitrage opportunity will rise. The E(R) of APT is a function of several factors and each with its own beta (p176 Copeland and Weston, 2004.). The APT model is more general in a sense 1) many factors used to measure risk 2) unspecified factors: it can be inflation, dividend yield, firm size, etc. CAPM is a special case of the APT 1) one factor market risk premium 2) known risk/return tradeoff- how to measure /price risk. (p188 Copeland and Weston, 2004.). This multi-factor model is significant and empirical tests such as Roll and Ross (1986), suggested that CAPM can be rejected in favor of APT. Conclusion The traditional financial theories like CAPM/APT enable us to price risky assets in the securities markets. CAPM defined risk as ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² and it remains a valid measure of risk in the financial filed today. Its linearly relating to expected return and trade-off between return and risk is positive, these important concepts are also considered to be useful as it allows further research and improvement in the financial theory developments such as the APT. Also Sharpe (1964) used the underlying factors of the traditional CAPM to examine capital assets individually and was able to show results that are consistent with the traditional concept. The traditional financial theories therefore, offer a foundation of understanding and educational insights to the financial markets. Neither CAPM/APT are perfect or free of testing problems, more importantly both have shown value in asset pricing and provided a logic framework for the portfolio management: for that risk and return are s uch fundamental concepts in the financial markets (Varian 1993). Both models are still a useful tool for portfolio selection and evaluation, risk management and capital budgeting. (Copeland Weston, 2004).

The Impact Of Tax Havens On The Economy Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3587 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The offshore economy is a consequence of the globalization. Its emergence is known as a new economic environment where tax and regulations are relatively lax. As countries are getting closer and borders are blurred, the flow in and out of capital and money, mostly as Foreign Direct Investment, has caused critical changes to the contemporary economy. This essay will examine the impact of the tax havens, which are one of the most important aspects of the offshore economy (beside Offshore finance, Export processing Zones and E- Commerce) including their evolution, the successes and failures in their operation and their impact upon the global economy. Haven is defined as a place of sanctuary, a place of safety and thus implies that it is an area within which someone or something is protected from an enemy. For many in business the enemy is government taxes, which have a direct impact on profits and the financial structures of a business. Thus, tax havens are a geog raphical area within which a business can find sanctuary from taxes or enjoy lower levels of taxation than in other parts of the world. Because of the attraction to investors of lower taxes the areas become somewhere that can offer a competitive environment to attract investment away from other countries and into their own. This is spread across both personal and corporate tax environments. However, it should be noted that tax havens are designed for people or businesses to avoid tax in their own country and are a serious risks to the income of governments. For example, the Trade Union Congress researchers found that Tax avoidance by wealthy UK residents through tax havens costs UK tax payers at least  £4 billion a year (TUC 2009), while the IMF in 2000 found that assets of $4.6 trillion are passing through the balance sheets of tax havens (Offshore Financial Centers, International Monetary Fund background paper, June 23, 2000). The TUC went on in a later report to criticise the U K government review of tax havens (the Foot review) and declare that The PM and Chancellor have made it clear that they want to outlaw tax havens and the evasion and avoidance they promote. But this progress report suggests that this leisurely review is more focused on helping tax havens through their current financial difficulty than addressing the serious threat they pose to the global economyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The Treasury needs to get a grip of this Review and decide whether it is flowing with or against the grain of world opinion which has turned so decisively against tax havens since the G20(Interim report of Foot review of tax havens is deeply disappointing, says TUC, TUC 2009). The fact that tax haven have seriously harmed the ability of governments to collect tax revenues means that in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis the role and future of tax havens has become a central problem in the global economy. This essay will now look at how tax havens ha ve developed. Ronen Palen (1992) identifies tax havens as a means for small countries and states to compete with the developed states of the world economy and has routes through which money can be laundered, with a third of all multinational corporations Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) transactions carried out through tax havens. Palan notes how there are two principal geo-political poles. The first is centred on those areas with close links to the City of London, and the other is centred in Europe and consists of the Benelux countries. For Palan (1992) tax havens are those states that can write/modify its own laws with the aim of making specific offers on the tax/financial aspects to attract/encourage/pave the way for target clients to invest money in the countries. The definition of tax havens is quite general and covers a number of methods that help persons and corporations to avoid tax. At present there are over 70 tax havens in the world; and many of these are weak or small countries (microstates). Hines (Which countries become tax havens, 2006), noted that in general the havens are small countries with a population of less than one million and are using low tax policies as a part of their developmental strategy. Palan (1992) draws a distinction between a Preferential tax regime and a tax haven. For example, the UK and US are two countries considered as tax havens by many countries because they apply a no taxation strategy on some specific sources of income. However, tax havens are not their key strategy, and the policies are limited means of taxation reduction aimed at attracting more foreign capital. The history of tax havens can be traced back to Ancient Greece, but their main role has developed as the industrial revolution and the modern economy has developed. Their main emergence came in the late 19th C to 1930s. Tax havens were established gradually. As Palan (1992) noted, tax havens were born from the three main centres of financi al development of the global economy; the US, UK and Switzerland. In the late of 19th Century, the two large states of the US New Jersey and Delaware, were desperately in need of new funds. Thus, the states established new financial structures to encourage the attraction of finance and issued policies establishing benefits to attract companies such as offshore company status that could be activated in less than a day since its establishment. The aim of the states was to attract companies and funds through low taxation and liberal incorporation laws, which were still rare and restricted in main economic regions of Germany and England. For those reasons, New Jersey had successfully encouraged a number of headquarters/ businesses to switch to the states. Today, New Jersey and Delaware are not seen as the tax havens in the general definition, but are recognised as the birthplace of tax havens. A second creator of tax havens is the British Courts. While the US states were know for the liberal financial laws, the British Courts should be credited with the technique of virtual residencies. By creating the ability of companies to have a financial identity but not actually be situated in the UK, the corporations could avoid paying tax on much of their income (Palan, 1992). In 1929, it formally established the rule that if companied registered in Britain but it doesnt conduct any trading then it wouldnt be claimed against for tax. Thus, companies are encouraged to incorporate in Britain with free taxation. Last but not least, the Swiss bank was a significant factor in the creation of tax havens. The Swiss bank system has been famous for its secrecy. The Bank Act in 1934 demonstrated that it had: absolute silence in respect to a professional secret, and this strengthened the idea that Swiss Banks were a place where companies could deposit funds and finances without tax authorities having access to the financial details of the transactions. Any companies, bus inesses, investors, even secret groups had the right to be protected perfectly from anyone trying to access information. Once they have protection of the Swiss banks, no one, including governments could violate that privacy. The main point of this is that companies and individuals could hide their finances within the Swiss Banking system and prevent tax authorities from gaining the financial information they need to request tax payments on those profits (Palan, 1992). These are seen as the inventors of tax havens. That they were trying to deliberately set up tax havens is in question, but the reality is that the policies they established brought about the financial conditions for tax havens to exist. The development of tax havens from WWI to early 1960s saw them become vital elements in the growth of the global economy. These are some of the countries who considered themselves as the first formal tax havens in the space of 1920s, 1930s. Once tax havens were established and certain states could attract vital funds from the global financial world it was inevitable that others would copy the system and create conditions that competed with existing tax havens (Baker, 2005, Henry, 2003). Liechtenstein- situated between Austria and Switzerland enacted its own Civil Code in 1924 and established new tax conditions that offered favourable benefits to investors and corporations. Luxembourg on 31st July 1929, applied a new law in which holding companies were exempt from income tax. The idea that a state could attract large sums of investment and finances through the manipulation of tax structures in a state was now formally established as a way to profit from the global economy (Palan 1992) From the 1960s to 1990s the global economy saw the heyday of tax havens. New laws of the Bank of England, which were established in 1957, declared that transactions that took place in the UK, even though its holders were not residing in the UK, could be recorded/credite d for tax reductions. Thus, those activities could be considered as offshore transactions and benefit from the tax haven status. Those advantages lead to the development of London as a major financial centre of the world attracting funds from across the globe and later developing its expansion into the Euromarket (Palan, 1992). In 1964, British Banks successfully established a cooperative relationship with three of the Worlds largest Banks City Bank, Chase Manhattan, and the Bank of American. Thus, Britain through the manipulation of the global tax system and the creation of London as a tax haven managed to raise its development to new heights and compete on equal terms with the largest banks in the world (Palan, 1992). It was inevitable that other states would follow the example of the US, Swiss and UK and numerous areas now became tax havens. In the Cayman Islands tax policies encouraging financial actors around the world to base themselves there soon made it the fourth lar gest financial centre in the world. Singapore became the fastest growing private sector in the world and attraction of investment through beneficial tax conditions quickly became a central policy for many states to attract new finances and keep them through increasingly more favourable tax incentives (Baker 2005, Henry, 2003). However, the multitude of new tax havens brought problems as well as benefits to the global economy. For example, in the Norfolk Islands, which was the first Pacific tax haven, the Australian government tried to block its development as it was seen as only benefiting international business and did little for national citizens. Despite the problems by 1990, there were nearly 100 tax havens in the world, both self-defined and internationally recognized and became the main stream of international lending. Almost one third of FDI was routed through Tax havens and recognised as the main route for carrying out international business whilst avoiding the payment of tax. It is undeniable that tax avoidance through tax havens has greatly influenced and modified the way the world economy has developed. It created a new environment that challenged most of the traditional rules. The major economic powers such as the US, UK and France gradually saw their control of the tax havens reduced and, ironically, while they were the largest and most active players in creating tax havens and their expansion, they also found themselves heading the international reaction to control them (Baker 2005, Henry, 2003). By the end of 1990s, it was recognized that tax havens had as many negative impacts on the global economy as they had positive ones. International organisations designed to help develop the global economy, such as the OECD, now declared that tax havens were the centre of a harmful tax competition that threatened the development of free trade and open markets. The European Union and the US now also became centres of influence on the global eco nomy to find ways to control and limit the impact of tax havens. However, how genuine this call for control of tax havens by the US is has to be questioned as the administrations of both Clinton and Bush did little to effectively control their growth. While Bush and Clinton seemed to be against the out of control development of tax havens, Obama in the other hand has some interest in it. At same time there is growing pressure on tax haven issues and the debate on them is deepening and spreading. The G20 summit in London suggests a number of proposals to re write / rebuild/ re structure tax havens regulations (Shah, 2009). It is clear that tax havens have now become a major player in the economic world. They have grown rapidly and there are about 70 formally recognized tax havens in the world. Although OECD is doing its best to re regulate tax havens, there are still many difficulties remaining. The financial crisis last 2008 weakened the big financial centers like UK, Western EU and US. However, the centres in Hong Kong, Singapore and China seemed to still be thriving. Thus, the tension in tax havens debates is likely to continue. In the age of global capital, offshore investment has become a normal way of international business. It helps areas attract a large number of international banks, businesses and investors. On the other hand, it has also attracted harsh criticism, mainly on its ability to protect and encourage those carrying out illegitimate activities, for example such criminal trades as drugs, arms trafficking and terrorism, where the tax havens offer a means to illegally launder money and financially support their activities. However, many would claim that tax havens still bring more benefits to state and society, than negative impacts. Thus, the question here is whether the legitimacy of the offshore investment tax havens should still exist and if yes, what should be its boundaries and limitations (Shah, 2009)? There are many elements of the offshore investment world, from E- commerce (online markets, casinos, etc), to flags of convenience (special offers on those who register their ships with particular countries), Export processing zones, offshore financers and Tax havens. However, the tax haven is a major concern. The offshore economy is known for its systemic lack of rules and regulations, with the advantages of tax reductions and tax avoidance. On the surface the tax havens themselves are important means for businesses and banks to conduct their trade, but it is also clear that their greatest advantages lies in actions that are very dangerously near to criminal claims of money laundering and tax evasion. Tax havens are countries with very clear tax and investment benefits such as little or no income or corporate tax, strong bank secrecy laws, good telecommunication links with global markets and public presentation as a tax haven. In a similar vein, tax havens have constructed their national legislation to clearly give incentives for big business to move from highly taxed countries to the tax havens. For example, Monaco has retained its low taxation environment since the last century to purely attract foreign investment, while small states in Caribbean have used low taxation as the major key to their developmental strategy. However, there are still many different characteristics of tax havens. Most tax havens normally modify their rules and law in order to encourage and attract foreign investors. They concentrate on reducing barriers to new businesses, offering strict privacy in regard to their business conduct and ensuring that the tax haven is both a low tax environment and a place to legally restrict the financial information that outside countries, governments and organizations can request access to. Tax havens also prevent its investors/clients from avoiding double taxation problems and confidently carry out their international business without paying large amounts of tax. Th e Bahamas Investment Authority demonstrated why the tax haven is necessary and legitimate as it declared them a paradise for many reasons: no personal, corporate or income tax, provide easy access to great world markets and are highly secure (Financial times, cited by Ronen) Tax havens are small financial resorts which are basically the booking centers for the huge financial systems in London, Tokyo and New York. They have the ability to write their own laws in relation to tax and financial issues in order to attract investors and large businesses from all over the world. In some views, tax havens are also known as the parking lot or transit lounge for those companies using this kind of service. Critics claim that Tax havens countries demonstrate a complete lack of interest or concern about the nature of companies and investors who register in their territory. Their only concern is the parking fee they receive for their services and it is this lack of concern for the consequen ces of allowing financial actors a free reign to conduct their business in the haven that troubles many people. In addition, the tax havens further harm their reputation by offering the companies who register in territory an unprecedented level of secrecy in both their tax and business matters. This is in itself a situation that now threatens the security of the globe in the age of the war of terrorism where tax havens guarantee terrorism organisations a base from which they can safeguard their financial dealings (ATO talks tough on tax havens. Australasian Business Intelligence | January 6, 2003. Tax havens are the right developmental strategy for the small and weak states. However, it is claimed that the goal of these countries is to draw rent surpluses from the income that otherwise would accrue to larger states(Hampton 1996, cited by Palan) Tax havens are seen as an abuse of rules and codes of sovereignty (Palan 1998) and at the same time encourages tax evasion and money l aundering (Hines and Rice 1994, cited by Palan) Palan argues that: The conditions that gave rise to the commercial use of sovereignty as perfected by tax havens cannot be dismissed either as legitimate responses to an unreasonable sure in taxation and regulation in the post war era. On the contrary, they go to the heart of the continuing process of state formation in a period of intensified capital mobility. Palan (1992) categorized tax havens into four types: Countries who dont charge income tax and only require license fees to foreign businesses. (Bermuda) Countries with low taxation policies (Jersey) Countries who levy tax on internal taxable activities only. (Hong Kong) Countries who provide special tax offer to specific types of businesses (Channel islands) Although the calculation of money through tax havens are various, some assume half of the world stock passes through tax havens, others believe that one fifth of private wealth is invested offshore (Cassard 1994, cited by Palan). One main reason leading to this growth of tax havens is the imposition of increased regulation in industrialized countries. (Financial Stability Forum 2000,11 cited by Palan) Banking, insurance and ship registrations are the most three important factors in offshore business, thus they are also the target subjects of heavy tax regulation. In regard to this situation, many states then offer the low tax or even zero taxation to attract foreign businesses to their countries. The most serious attack against tax havens is the possibility that they undermine democracy. Shah (2009, p.1) notes that companies also pour lots of money into shaping a global system that they will hope to benefit from. If the right balance cant be achieved, not only will attempts to evade taxation and other measures undermine capitalism (which they claim they support) they will also undermine democracy (for even responsible governments may find it hard to meet the needs of their popul ation). Shah continues in explaining that tax is the lifeblood of a countries economy and without it the consequences are extremely dangerous, for example, a government without an efficient revenue system cannot hope to successfully govern the country. Shah explains that developing countries lose $160 billion a year through tax evasion in 2008, which was over three times the figure for 2000, demonstrating a rapidly growing problem. Even these figures are suspect as the core base for this is tax avoidance and being able to calculate actually how much tax is secretly avoided is extremely difficult, so figures are only seen as conservative estimates (Shah, 2009, p.2). Shah points to even more graphic evidence of the damage that tax havens cause as he cites evidence from Christian Aid which says illegal, trade related tax evasion alone will be responsible for some 5.6 millions deaths of young children in the developing world between 2000 and 2015. Half are already dead. Shah (2009, p.3) is clear in his reasons for protesting against tax havens as he finds they: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Secret bank accounts and offshore trusts encourage wealthy individuals and companies to escape paying taxes ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The ability of transnational corporations to structure their trade and investment flows through paper subsidiaries in tax havens provides them with a significant tax advantage over their nationally based competitors. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Banking secrecy and trust services provided by global financial institutions operating offshore provide a secure cover for laundering the proceeds of political corruption, fraud, embezzlement, illicit arms trading, and the global drug trade. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The offshore economy has contributed to the rising incidence of financial market instability that can destroy livelihoods in poor countries. Thus, tax havens are purely constructed to allow multinationa l companies, rich individuals, corrupt leaders, criminals and terrorists to keep their wealth away from the prying eyes of national tax authorities. In the words of one tax expert, I have never come across any reason for people to set up an offshore trust [in a tax haven] other than to avoid tax (Shah, 2009. P.4). Basically then, tax havens cannot be justified as legitimate aspects of the global economy. They are based on giving financial actors unfair advantages and in a world moving towards open and free markets they offer many barriers to competitors who play the game and pay all their required taxes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Tax Havens On The Economy Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Cause And Effect Of Pollution - 721 Words

Every day, millions of humans, plants, and animals are affected by pollution. Cancer, disease, and kidney failure are just some of the rapidly increasing effects. Pollution is a growing concern that is gradually changing the way the environment and ecosystem function. With thousands of foreign and natural contaminants being pumped into the environment every day, serious action will need to be taken to reverse the life-threatening effects of pollution. Although, some could argue that pollution is mostly caused by natural chemicals; the number one leading cause of pollution is human activity. With the continued growth of human activity and modern production, pollution has reached its highest levels; causing an increase in environmental and†¦show more content†¦Most chemicals, however, spread from factories (Rinkesh). Although many could argue that their factories or plants are not giving off dangerous chemicals, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology concluded that nearly 2 00,000 people die each year just from factory pollution alone. In places such as Beijing, pollution has been directly connected to the factories, which has caused new diseases and severe smog (Rinkesh). With modern production levels so high, heavy factory cities are going to continue to suffer as well as the population. Pollution is affecting many different forms of life. The main reason being due to the sicknesses and diseases humans and animals face after exposure to contaminants (Weiman). Many pollutants are carcinogens, which put living things at higher risk of breathing problems and severe inner organ damage (Weiman). Although many could argue that pollution is not the cause of cancer and diseases; a study in 1995 found a connection between pollution and increased deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory problems (Weiman). Exposure to toxic chemicals and dangerous poisons are clearly affecting humans and animals. According to The World Wild Life Organization, â€Å"chemicals persist in the environment and accumulate in the bodies†. Every day, humans and animals are suffering from the pollution being breathed in. It is important thatShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Pollution1578 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Spain English IV 8 December 2014 The Causes and Effects of Pollution There are constant news reports about pollution and how it’s destroying earth and how it helps the greenhouse effect on Earth’s atmosphere. There are many different sources of pollution, even some that may not seem likely to produce so much. There are many causes of pollution in the environment. 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TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB Free Essays

The importance of instruction for the resurgence of a society can non be denied. Harmonizing to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, â€Å" the preparation of a human head is uncomplete without instruction, as instruction contributes a batch in doing adult male a right mind. † ( Khan, 2010 ) While doing determinations for the demand of instructors, the policy shapers and educational decision makers considers several factors. We will write a custom essay sample on TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entire figure of instructors required in a territory or metropolis or small town depends upon the registration of pupils in schools and colleges, the rate of instructors ‘ retirement and bend over and the coveted teacher-student ratios required in that country. Harmonizing to Yasin, â€Å" factors such as high in-migration rates within a population or policies on cut downing category size besides contribute to the demand for new instructors. † ( Yasin, 1998 ) The present research is about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes that whether the instruction section of Punjab has been able to supply quality instruction and fulfilled the demand of instructors in schools and colleges particularly in rural countries. The present research besides analyzes the enterprise of the present authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium and its relation to the demand and supply of instructors. Statement of the Problem Meeting the demand of providing competent instructors to secondary schools and college degree in Punjab is indispensable for bettering the quality of instruction in these schools and colleges. These schools and colleges particularly the authorities establishments depend upon the instruction section for bettering the quality of instruction and for the proviso of professional and qualified instructors. The rural countries need particular attending from the instruction section to better the quality of instruction. The rural countries frequently lack competent instructors due to the location, low wage and fewer installations. Teachers hesitate from learning in such countries. The present authorities ‘s enterprise of change overing Urdu Medium schools to English Medium has posed a new challenge for these schools. This research analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab and provides feasible solution for making balance between demand and supply of instructors in Punjab. 1.2 Purpose of the Study The intent of the survey is to research the balance between demand and supply of instructors in the secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. The research analyzes assorted grounds which lead to the demand of instructors in schools and colleges. The research provides a feasible solution for work outing the job of quality instruction and make fulling the vacancies of qualified instructors in schools and colleges of Pakistan. The paper besides assesses that whether the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has posed the demand for demand of the competent instructors. Scope of the Research The present research is an extended survey on the demand and supply of qualified instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. The research covers the demands and demands of the schools and colleges in rural and urban countries for make fulling the spread of quality instruction and jobs faced by schools and colleges in the employment of competent instructors. The research besides analyzes the demand and supply of instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium schools. 1.4 Importance of the Research This research would turn out to be an extended survey on solutions required for making balance between the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab. It has analyzed the demands of the schools and colleges particularly that of rural countries in supplying competent instructors to them. The research has besides emphasized the demand of competent instructors in the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted to English Medium. 1.5 Justification of the Research The subject of the research is appropriate, as carry oning research on the demand and supply of instructors has revealed utile facts related to the proviso of quality instruction to pupils at secondary and college degree. This research would be utile in long tally as it has provided solutions for get the better ofing the supply of competent instructors in Punjab. Hypothesis Rural and hapless communities in Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. They face extra challenges such as retaining of instructors, who may be attracted to the higher wages which are offered to them in metropoliss. The supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for instructors, the supply of instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements and bend over, in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have increased. Literature Review Academic Reviews Harmonizing to Goel, â€Å" A adult male becomes a rational animate being when he becomes educated. † ( Goel, 2007 ) Education is indispensable for the moral and learning developments of worlds. It contributes to the national economic growing and poorness decrease. The population of Punjab histories for 60 % population of Pakistan. ( Sayed, 2007 ) There are about 64,000 educational institutes in Punjab, out of which 44,000 are primary schools. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are over 500,000 employees in these institutes, out of which 350,000 are instructors. ( Sayed, 2005 ) There are about 11 million registrations in these institutes. ( Sayed, 2005 ) Harmonizing to John Wall, Country Director of World Bank ; â€Å" Improvements in instruction results in Punjab have the possible for country-wide impact. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) Decrease in poorness can be achieved by turn toing the root cause of poorness, that is ; deficiency of instruction and accomplishments. Harmonizing to a World Bank study, the quality of instruction provided by the populace sector in Pakistan is really low. This is due to â€Å" low competence of instructors, deficiency of quality text editions and larning stuffs, deficiency of classroom-based support for instructors, deficiency of the appraisal of pupils, hapless supervising and hapless sector administration and direction. † ( World Bank, â€Å" Third Punjab Education † 2006 ) . In rural countries, there is deficiency of qualified instructors, as they hesitate to work due to legion grounds such as deficiency of motive, low wages, deficiency of installations in schools and hapless on the job conditions. In 2003, the Punjab Education Sector Reform Program ( PESRP ) was launched for the intent of bettering quality, entree and administration in the instruction sector of Punjab. This plan comprised of supply-side enterprises including upgrading of schools and make fulling vacancies of instructors. A figure of reforms affecting instructors ‘ enlisting, professional development of instructors, production of text editions and betterment in the scrutiny system were implemented. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) With the support of UNICEF and the National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) , PESRP has given high precedence to instructors in its new reform programme. ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) In order to run into the billowing demand of instructors, about 50,000 instructors have been hired since 2003. About 100,000 instructors have been trained through refresher classs in â€Å" child-centered instruction patterns. † ( McCutcheon, 2007 ) The authorities has taken effectual steps to better the quality of instruction in Punjab. The EFA ( Education for All ) National Plan of Action ( NPA ) 2015 figures out legion issues sing instructor supply, preparation and Supervision. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) The NPA emphasizes the demand for 118,000 instructors up to 2015 in order to run into the Universal Primary Education marks. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) There is deficiency of instructors in schools and colleges of Punjab due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors, less figure of instructors in primary schools and fewer instructors are recruited on lasting footing. The EFA NPA has suggested relaxation of makings for instructors in rural countries and for supplying specific inducements to them in order to make full the spread of instructors. ( UNESCO, 2007 ) By supplying in-service preparation to instructors, the quality of instruction will greatly better in these schools and colleges. The authorities is set uping Professional Development centres for the quality preparation of instructors. The authorities of Pakistan has converted all Urdu Medium schools in Punjab to English Medium schools. With this enterprise, the differentiation between two categories of instruction has been removed. This enterprise has chiefly being taken for viing with the globalized universe in the field of cognition. ( The News, 2010 ) The instructors of these schools have been provided developing through English Language classs. The preparation plans aims at bettering learning and English linguistic communication accomplishments of the instructors. The instructors have besides been offered heavy salary bundles. ( The News, 2010 ) The transition of schools has raised more demand for the supply of professional and competent instructors. The academic reappraisal has shown that the supply of instructors has grown over the past 10 old ages, but due to the uninterrupted addition in demand of instructors particularly in rural countries, the supply of instructors must go on to increase for the following decennary. 1.8 Methodology 1.8.1 Approach The research comprises of both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis. The research has gathered information with respect, but non restricted to the followers ; Analysis of the demand and supply of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by the instruction section in providing competent instructors to schools and colleges in Punjab. Problems faced by schools and colleges particularly in rural countries to make full the spread of quality instruction and to enroll competent instructors. Possible solutions for get bying with the demand of instructors in schools and colleges in Punjab. The Qualitative methodological analysis in the present research involves both primary every bit good as secondary beginnings. Primary beginning involves study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . Unstructured interview was conducted from 9 top directors of PEAS. Unstructured Interviews are utile for in-depth study, as â€Å" inquiries can be changed or adapted in order to run into the respondent ‘s intelligence, understanding or belief. † ( The Psychology Wiki, 2010 ) Burns and Grove defines qualitative research as ; â€Å" The logical thinking procedure used in qualitative research involves perceptually seting pieces together to do wholes. From this procedure, significance is produced. However, because perceptual experience varies with the person, many different significances are possible. † ( Burns, Grove, 1993 ) . Data is normally gathered through less structured research instruments in qualitative research. Secondary beginning in the present rese arch comprises of reappraisal of books, diaries, articles, periodicals, current event intelligence, web stuff, etc. Quantitative research has been used by the research worker for deriving firsthand cognition about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary schools and college degree in Punjab. Harmonizing to Andrew Sanchez, â€Å" Quantitative research generates statistics through the usage of large-scale study research, utilizing methods such as questionnaires or interviews † . ( Sanchez, 2005 ) Purposive Sampling method had been used for choosing the sample. It uses a specific pre-defined group and does non affect random trying. Purposive Sampling method is a non-probability sampling method which is chosen â€Å" with a intent in head. † ( William, 2006 ) . The sample of the choice of 9 top directors from PEAS is rather appropriate for obtaining information about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school degree and colleges in Punjab. Keeping in position the above mentioned definitions and accounts, it can be concluded that the usage of qualitative every bit good as quantitative methods for this research has been justified. These methods have provided elaborate survey of the research subject and have assisted in clear uping all issues related to the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab. 1.8.2 Data Gathering Method The research involved aggregation of informations through primary and secondary beginnings, that is ; direct and indirect observation. Direct observation involved study of PEAS Department for obtaining positions of 9 top directors of the section. Indirect observation involved reappraisal of secondary beginnings such as books, diaries, articles, web stuffs, etc. 1.8.3 Originality and Limitations of the Data Validity and singularity of the informations are guaranteed while capturing informations and executing analysis. The research emphasizes on the demand and supply of instructors at school and college degree in Punjab and make fulling the spread of quality instruction in these schools and colleges. As the cogency of the information is dependent upon the efficiency of the research worker, the research worker has been careful in maintaining the cogency of the informations during informations aggregation, analysis and while pulling decisions. Ethical issues are considered during the research procedure. In order to avoid disagreements, careful survey and analysis have been done. Data is limited to the subjects mentioned above. 1.8.4 Research Questions The major research inquiries of the present survey are as follows ; Is the instruction section of Punjab run intoing the demands of the demand of instructors at secondary school and college degree? How choice instruction can be provided to secondary school and college pupils in Punjab? Has the instruction section of Punjab taken stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction in schools and colleges? Are schools and colleges in rural countries confronting jobs of supply of instructors? With the transition of Urdu Medium schools to English Medium, are these schools confronting the job of demand of competent instructors? Factual Position Presently the schools and colleges of Punjab state are confronting a deficit in the supply of qualified and competent instructors particularly in rural countries. Teachers lack motive for traveling to rural countries due to low wage, backward location and deficiency of installations in these schools. As a consequence of this, the demand of instructors in rural countries has extremely increased. The deficiency of competent instructors is besides due to decelerate replacing of retired instructors and enlisting of instructors on impermanent footing. The determination of authorities for change overing Urdu Medium schools into English Medium has besides posed a demand for the enlisting of qualified and professional instructors. The authorities is taking stairss to carry through the spread of quality instruction and qualified instructors. This has been done by enrolling qualified instructors, increasing the wage of bing instructors and by increasing the accomplishments of the instructors t hrough refresher classs in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments and English Language accomplishments. Section – 2: Situation Analysis In this subdivision, the research worker analyzes the informations obtained from the study of Pakistan Education Assessment System ( PEAS ) . The study involved aggregation of informations through direct observation, i.e ; interview. A sample size of 9 top directors of PEAS was selected for interview. Unstructured interviews were carried out from the top directors. The sentiment and positions of the directors have been obtained related to the demand and supply of instructors at secondary school and college degree in Punjab. Facts extracted from the interviews have been analyzed to obtain the findings. 2.1 Opinions and positions of top directors about the demand and supply of instructors at secondary and college degree in Punjab 2.1.1 Quality of instruction at authorities and private schools 97 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that the quality of instruction provided to pupils of authorities schools is non satisfactory. These schools lack competent instructors, educational stuff and installations. The conditions of schools in rural countries are worst. Many schools have been closed in rural countries as these schools lack competent instructors and basic installations. However, the quality of instruction at private schools is satisfactory. These schools have qualified and competent instructors. Figure 1: Opinion of top director of PEAS about the quality of instruction in schools of rural countries 2.1.2 Causes of famine of instructors in rural countries 95 % of the top directors believed that instructors hesitate to work in rural countries due to hapless on the job conditions and low wages. The top direction suggested that instructors can be motivated to work in rural countries by increasing the wages of bing instructors, supplying good salary bundles to the new instructors and by supplying text editions and basic installations to these schools. Teachers should be recruited on lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing. If the instructors are provided inducements and good wage bundles they will be able to execute their occupations in these countries. 2.1.3 Performance of authorities and private colleges 98 % of the top directors of PEAS believed that every bit compared to the authorities schools, the public presentation of authorities colleges in urban countries is satisfactory. The authorities colleges have competent and qualified instructors in urban countries. However, the colleges in rural countries lack competent instructors. Figure 2: Opinion of Top Directors of PEAS Regarding Quality of Education and Competent Teachers in Government Colleges in Urban Areas 2.1.4 Major ground behind deficiency of instructors 90 % of the top directors of PEAS informed that deficiency of instructors is besides due to the fact that most people do non fall in the profession of learning as they consider it a low paid and an inferior occupation. Some people merely fall in this profession as a last resort. As a consequence of this, they lack motive to carry through their duties. When they find any good chance, they leave the instruction profession. 2.1.5 Carry throughing the spread of quality instruction in freshly converted English Medium schools When the positions of the top directors were taken sing the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium, all of them agreed that it is a good enterprise from the authorities for taking the differentiation between two categories of instruction. Students analyzing in Urdu Medium schools are frequently considered as inferior to English Medium. Furthermore, when these pupils reach higher categories, they face trouble in understanding scientific discipline topics. The top directors believed that the spread of quality instruction in these schools can be fulfilled by supplying instruction and English linguistic communication accomplishments to the instructors through on-the-job preparation. This spread can besides be filled by enrolling competent instructors on lasting footing. 2.2 Findingss The findings of the study are in consistent with that of literature reappraisal, as it has shown that rural schools and colleges of Pakistan face the greatest demand for instructors. The status of authorities colleges in urban countries is rather satisfactory as these schools have competent instructors. The demand for the supply of instructors has greatly grown over the past 10 old ages. Keeping in position the demand for a big figure of instructors, the supply of competent instructors must go on to increase. The demand for new instructors may differ by territory or small town and it may depends upon the local population growing, instructors ‘ retirements, instructors ‘ turnover rate, instructors ‘ in-migration rates and wages offered to them. With the transition of all Urdu Medium schools to English Medium schools in Punjab, the demand for qualified and professional instructors in these schools have greatly increased. Section – 3: Decision and Recommendations 3.1 Decision The demand and supply of instructors can be balanced if the Numberss of vacancies of instructors are filled in by the figure of instructors needed to make full these places. The rural schools and colleges of Pakistan are confronting the deficit of the supply of qualified and competent instructors. These educational institutes besides lack basic installations and educational stuff. Teachers hesitate to work in rural countries due to low wage and hapless on the job conditions. There is besides deficit of instructors due to the fact that the profession of instruction is considered as a low paid and inferior occupation. Peoples merely fall in this profession as a last resort. On the occupation preparation is besides required for the instructors to heighten their instruction accomplishments. With the transition of Urdu Medium schools into English Medium schools, the demand for qualified and competent instructors has risen. There is demand for enlisting of professional and qualified instru ctors in order to raise the quality of instruction in schools and colleges particularly authorities schools and colleges in rural countries. With the uninterrupted addition in the population and accent of the authorities on instruction, the demand for supply of more instructors will farther increase. 3.2 Recommendations Based upon qualitative and quantitative analysis following recommendations have been suggested: In order to actuate instructors, they should be provided good wage bundles and other inducements. Teachers should be recruited on a lasting footing instead than on impermanent footing in authorities schools and colleges. The position of instructors demands to be raised in the society, as instruction should non be considered as an inferior occupation. Teachers working in rural countries should be provided particular salary bundles and inducements. Teachers need on-the-job preparation in order to heighten their instruction accomplishments. The instructors of the Urdu Medium schools which have been converted into English Medium schools needs to be trained in English linguistic communication accomplishments. There is besides demand for enlisting of competent instructors in these schools. How to cite TEACHERS AT SECONDARY AND COLLEGE LEVEL IN PUNJAB, Essay examples